Optimising the geospatial configuration of a future lithium ion battery recycling industry in the transition to electric vehicles and a circular economy

Rapid electrification of the transport system will generate substantial volumes Lithium-ion-battery (LiB) waste as batteries reach their end-of-life. Much attention focuses on recycling processes, neglecting a broader systemic view that considers concentration costs and impacts associated with logistics transportation. This paper provides an economic, environmental geospatial analysis future LiB industry in UK. Hitherto, state-of-the-art assessment methods have evaluated life cycle but not considered geographical layer problem. develops GSC derived supply chain model for UK electric vehicle end-of-life battery industry. Considering both pyrometallurgical hydrometallurgical technologies, optimisation process takes into account anticipated EV volumes, and, based near-term technological evolution LiBs, mix cathodes production, presents number scenarios to show where facilities should ideally be geographically located. An economic customised EverBatt is provided.